Umar ibn al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه) was born around 584 CE in Makkah. Before Islam, he was known for his fierce opposition to the Muslims. He was physically strong, well-educated, and a respected figure among the Quraysh.

His conversion to Islam in 616 CE was a turning point for the Muslim community. Initially, he set out to kill the Prophet ﷺ but ended up accepting Islam after reading verses from Surah Ta-Ha at his sister's house. The Prophet ﷺ said, "O Allah, strengthen Islam with one of the two Umars," referring to Umar ibn al-Khattab or Abu Jahl. When Umar converted, the Muslims were able to pray openly at the Kaaba for the first time.

Umar earned the title "Al-Farooq" (the one who distinguishes between truth and falsehood) for his ability to judge fairly. He became the second Caliph after Abu Bakr (634-644 CE) and is considered one of the greatest leaders in history.

During his 10-year caliphate, the Islamic state expanded dramatically to include Persia, Egypt, and much of the Byzantine Empire. He established the Islamic calendar, created the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury), organized the military, and implemented many administrative reforms. He was known for walking the streets at night to check on his people's welfare.

Umar was assassinated in 644 CE while leading the Fajr prayer. He is buried next to the Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr in Madinah.